Eritrocyte oxidative status of seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed by DDGS based diets supplemented with tryptophan kept under stressed and unstressed culture conditions.
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1
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP),, Departamento de Biologia, Portugal
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2
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambienta, CIIMAR, Portugal
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3
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Portugal
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4
Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz,, Department of Biology, Spain
DDGS is used as potential alternative to fishmeal for aquaculture. However, some nutritional characteristics of this ingredient are limiting, including its high fiber content, phytic acid, and low digestibility. The low tryptophan (Trp) relatively to the high branched chain amino acids (AAR) present in DDGS may deserve special attention when considering to include DDGS in diet formulations. DDGS has marginal levels of tryptophan (Trp) but very high levels AAR, particularly leucine. As Trp and AAR share the same intestinal transporter, low levels of Trp associated with high levels of leucine, may cause amino acids imbalance between these two amino acids (Fernstrom, 2012). Thus, DDGS based diets may compromise plasma and brain Trp levels, and so may condition the synthesis of important metabolites such as serotonin and melatonin (Lepage et al., 2002). The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of Try supplementation of DDGS based diets on red blood cells (RBC) oxidative stress and plasma metabolism concentration for seabream juvenile kept under stressed and unstressed culture conditions. The growth trial was performed in two independent systems, each one equipped with 12 tanks of 100 L. One group of fish was maintained under normal rearing conditions (control group) and the other group was maintained under chronic stressful conditions (high density). The diets were formulated with 13% of fishmeal and a mixture of plant protein, including either 15% and 30% of DDGS, control 1 and control 2, respectively C1and C2. Two other diets were formulated through the supplementation of C2 diet with Trp (feed grade) at 0.13 and 0.25 % of the diet (corresponding to a total Trp in the diet of 0.3 and 0.64%, C2T0.3 and C2T0.6, respectively). The 4 experimental diets were tested in triplicate, in a 2*4 factorial design. Fish were fed twice a day, 6 days a week during 12 weeks. At the end of the trial, 9 fish from each experimental group were bled.
Higher dietary inclusion of DDGS increased plasma triglycerides, while plasma total proteins, glucose and cholesterol were not affected by DDGS level. All the plasma metabolites were higher at low than at higher density, except for glycemic which was higher at higher density. Irrespective the density, glycemic decreased with the Trp supplementation. Dietary DDGS level affected only the activity of glutathione peroxidase which was higher with the higher DDGS level diet, at low density, whereas at high density the inverse was true.
Trp supplementation decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation. Independently of the diet, fish kept under high density had lower catalase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation than those maintained under low density. Present work confirm that RBC oxidative status is low in fish maintained at high density and the supplementation with 0.6% Trp reduce lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase.
Acknowledgements
This work was partially funded by VEGICOR/AMINOAQUA project, ref. 31-03-05-FEP-43, co-financed by FEP through the IFAP/MMM (PIDDAC). Frist author was supported by National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
References
Fernstrom, J., 2012. Large neutral amino acids: dietary effects on brain neurochemistry and function. Amino Acids, 1-12.
Lepage, O., Tottmar, O., Winberg, S., 2002. Elevated dietary intake of L-tryptophan counteracts the stress-induced elevation of plasma cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Biol. 205, 3679-3687.
Keywords:
Oxidative Stress,
seabream,
DDGS,
Tryptophan,
stress
Conference:
IMMR | International Meeting on Marine Research 2016, Peniche, Portugal, 14 Jul - 15 Jul, 2016.
Presentation Type:
Poster presentation
Topic:
Aquaculture
Citation:
F. Diogenes
A,
Machado
M,
Skrzynska
AK,
Costas
B,
Oliva-Teles
A and
Peres
H
(2016). Eritrocyte oxidative status of seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed by DDGS based diets supplemented with tryptophan kept under stressed and unstressed culture conditions..
Front. Mar. Sci.
Conference Abstract:
IMMR | International Meeting on Marine Research 2016.
doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2016.04.00027
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Received:
13 May 2016;
Published Online:
13 Jul 2016.
*
Correspondence:
Mr. Alexandre F. Diogenes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP),, Departamento de Biologia, Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal, alexandre_diogenes@hotmail.com